The relationship between international trade and emigration is being concerned in most developing countries with their relevant migration and trade policies. Such policies should rely on logical resolutions in order to reduce unemployment pressure on the Labor market. Hence, this study examines the relationship between Iran’s trade volume and Labor Force emigration to the five major members of the OECD (the US, Canada, the UK, the Netherlands and Sweden) over the period 1992-2004 (1371-1383). Following Mitchell and Pain (2003) and Mayda (2005), a specified gravity model is estimated by panel data to show the impacts of determinants on the Iran’s emigration. The empirical results obtained indicate that there is a significant and complementary relationship between trade volume and the Labor Force emigration to the selected countries of OECD in Iran. Additionally, the results show that convergence in the Labor Force productivity, as a gap between the number of skilled Labors falls in Iran and the OECD members, can lead to a decrease in emigration from Iran to abroad.

Female Labor Force participation (FLP) has been shown to be inversely correlated with fertility based on most literature. However, despite a considerable decline in fertility rate in Iran over the past two decades, women's participation in Labor Force has not been increased significantly. To investigate the issue, this study is following two objectives: First, to explain the relationship between the FLP and childbearing, theoretically. Second, to study empirically the matter using the data of Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) conducted by the Statistical Center of Iran (SCI) in years 1991 to 2012. Based on the theoretical model, two mutual relationships can be explained for FLP and childbearing. In one hand, female Labor Force participation can lead to increase of family income and fertility. On the other hand, there is the substitution effect by which a woman who has desire to bear a child, would undermine her economic participation. Existence of both effects system was confirmed, using simultaneous equations in provincial panel data. To encounter this endog eneity problem, we employed an instrument variable as “ same gender of the first two children” for decision of having another child. Based on the results, the relationship between FLP and fertility in Iran is based on the income effect. Accordingly, the substitution effect of childbearing and Labor Force participation which is under influence of cultural factors, has been evolved. Hence, it does not seem that facilitating FLP and support of employed women would be a threat to fertility behaviors in Iran. Even, it might be considered as an encouraging policy for childbearing by enhancing family income

The management of the Labor Force is a strategic issue that requires strategic decision-making, strategic environmental analysis, which is clear that having statistics and information is a prerequisite for this. According to the current economic conditions of the country, it is necessary to audit the situation of the Labor Force not only in the national and provincial levels, but also at the city. However, at present, the official statistics of the Iranian Labor Force are only optimal at the national and provincial levels and are not reliable at the level of small areas. This article tries to estimate the unemployment rate of the provinces and cities of the country as small areas to enable the analysis of the gap and consequently audit and strategic planning for the situation of Iran's Labor for. In this article, results of the Labor Force survey, which has been done by the Statistics Center of Iran in 1397, have been used. It is worth noting that in sampling surveys in which sample units are weighted, estimations by conventional modeling methods without considering the weights, leads to bias estimates. Therefore, in this study, weighted Bayesian methods have been used to estimate the unemployment rate of small areas.

The present paper contributes to the theoretical analysis of the human capital investment and participation decision of heterogeneous workers in the search and matching framework. Its aim is to characterize the equilibrium and to identify the efficiency. Here, the paper studies search equilibrium and matching to consider the participation decision of heterogeneous workers who have different inherent ability levels. The productivity investment decision is endogenous and wages are determined by the Nash bargain among participants.

In recent years, economists have paid attention to the relationship between emotions and productivity. Economists investigated the bi-directional effect of emotion and subjective well-being, such as happiness, on different economic variables, such as productivity, health, income, and so on.In this paper, we try to study the effect of income on labour Force happiness in Iran. For this purpose, we employ data over the period 2000-2005. In addition, because the dependent variable (happiness) is an ordered variable, we use an ordered choice model in a panel data framework to estimate the coefficients of the model. The results show that the income has a positive and significant effect on labour Force happiness in Iran.

This article uses Iranian provincial census data for the Persian calendar years 1355, 1365, and 1375 (1976-7, 1986-7, and 1996-7) to analyze the relationship between socioeconomic and demographic factors and the participation of women in the Labor Force. Women(s) participation dropped during the first decade under analysis. The decreasing trend was however reversed between 1365 and 1375. The highest rates of female participation were recorded for the provinces of Gilan, Yazd, and Charmahal-Bakhtiari. Ilam, Kohkiluyeh-Boyrahmad, and Hormozgan registered the lowest female participation rates. Reduced participation for age groups 12-10, 15-19, and 20-24 reveals a shift in the Structure of Labor Force. Overall, increases in the rates of female Labor Force participation were concurrent with reduced levels of educational attainment, reduced fertility rates, increased age of first marriage, and increased share of indvstrial workers in the Labor Force. Yet, the extent of the changes varied across provinces. Enhanced levels of female education, changes in the relative importance of economic sectors, and shifts in cultural and social milieu seem to have contributed to the developments in female Labor Force participation.

In the past few decades, a large number of Iranians have chosen to find new places of residence in foreign countries. This Iranian diaspora includes a significant number of highly-skilled workers, entrepreneurs, and owners of capital. These skills, capabilities, and capital assets have either been transferred directly from Iran as a result of migration or have been created indirectly in the host countries with the support of domestic Iranian financial and intellectual sources. Furthermore, the demand for migration has not subsided in Iran. Yet, whereas the migration of highly-qualified Labor Force continues to be significant, the surplus Iranian Labor Force with medium level of qualifications is not able to secure productive jobs abroad. The purpose of this article is to examine various important aspects of significant migration propensity observed among Iranians with an emphasis on the highly-skilled as well as semi-skilled Labor Force. Furthermore, in this article, government efforts placed on expatriate reconnection and dispatch of surplus Labor to foreign countries are described. Some observations on the main migration causes of the highly-skilled Labor Force and obstacles to the migration of the semi-skilled Labor Force as well as a set of recommendations for the short-term are also offered in the article.

Using Haskel theory, in this paper the main factors of change in wage ratios of agricultural and non-agricultural Labor Force are explored. Theoretically, the wage gap between these two sectors is explained by the gap between price and the one between TFP of these two sectors. In recent years, the wage gap between the two sectors has been decreasing in Iran. The international trade model (Haskel model) has been used in this paper and the results reveal that the major factor contributing to wage gap is the price one. The TFP is considered insignificant for wage gap. Mainly, the reason for increasing agricultural product index price, compared to that of non-agricultural index price has been government protection of agricultural products during these years.